Feminism In The Crime Film Genre Essay - 2058 Words

Feminism In The Crime Film Genre Throughout motion picture history, women have experienced more transition in their roles, as a result of changing societal norms, than any other class. At first, both society and the movie industry preached that women should be dependent on men and remain in the home, in order to guarantee stability in the community and the family. As time passed and attitudes changed, women were beginning to be depicted as strong willed, independent minded characters, who were eager to break away from convention. The genre of the crime film represents such a change in the roles handed to women. Two films that can be contrasted, in order to support this view, are: The Public Enemy by William Wellman (1931) and Bonnie†¦show more content†¦Women were now being portrayed as powerful, unpredictable, and possessing a mysterious sexual power, which they used to elude male control. The 1960’s also brought with it his tensions that resulted the escalating war in Vietnam, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, black ghettos going up in flames, the women’s liberation movement, the youth anti-war rebellion and free love theme, and the Civil Rights movement. It was safe to say that the American public had violence on its mind and the movie industry capitalized on the public’s apprehensions. Director Arthur Penn used Bonnie Clyde as his medium to imprint the rebellious tone of the 1960’s and the uncertainty of the dominant values and norms of society.When we’re first introduced to the character of Bonnie Parker (played by Faye Dunaway), the camera focuses on her as she is admiring her naked body in the mirror. She then falls back on her bed and the camera views her from the outside of her bed rails, in order to give the viewer the impression that she feels imprisoned by her everyday life. Then, she looks out her window and sees a man attempting to steal her mothers car on their front yard lawn. She calls out to him and hurriedly puts on clothes to meet him outside. He quickly intrigues her curiosity by saying that she looks like a movie star stuck in a boring waitress’ job, while telling her that he is a bank robber. She asks him to prove that he is not a faker, so he showsShow MoreRelatedThe Portrayal Of Women During The 1960 s And 1970 S1472 Word s   |  6 Pageslife. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, feminism was not yet a prominent idea. You wouldn’t see large groups of women, and some men too, crowding the streets promoting their beliefs that women and men should receive equal pay, women should be able to hold positions of importance in the workplace, and absolutely not that women should be able to hold a political position of any sort. An article that we read this semester focused solely on the evolution of types of feminism throughout the last few decades.Read MoreThe Stepford Wives Movie1532 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Paper- The Stepford Wives (2004) The film that I choose to analysis is The Stepford Wives. The Stepford Wives is a Sci-Fi film which was released in 2004. It was directed by Frank Oz, who is famously known for his acting roles. Frank Oz has done the voice of Yoda in the Star Wars series, and several Muppets’ characters, such as Miss Piggy. There are three editions to this story, the book, the 1975, and 2004 film. The 2004 version varies from the others, as it has a slightly different storyRead MoreUnder the Influence of the Media1433 Words   |  6 Pagesrole models, films influence society just as much as society influences film. Classic movies provide the foundation of all movies in which other productions can compare to. The advancement of movies cannot happen without the success or mistakes of others. Despite developing technology and its trials and errors, some trends appeal to the audience and remain a necessity in each individual movie genre, carried onto the next generations. The action film did not become a dominant genre until the 1980sRead MoreWomen Love Gore Too1693 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said people love watching horror films simply because it keeps their sanity. â€Å"It may be that horror movies provide psychic relief on this level because this invitation to lapse into simplicity, irrationality and even outright madness is extended so rarely† (King). When people see a slasher film, it gives them a chance to kill off â€Å"Annoying Bob† from the office in their heads. Horror films also tell the story about the culture watching them. â€Å"Horror films are an observer of cultur e what frogsRead MoreSocial Network Media Benefits Feminism1448 Words   |  6 PagesOne specific event that proves that social network media benefits feminism was in 2014, with the hashtag #YesAllWomen. An incident happened in May 2014 where a young man, Elliot Rodger, expressed his hatred for women and he went on a shooting spree in Santa Barbara, California, targeting women. After this tragedy made the news, thousands of women posted on various social networks with the hashtag #YesAllWomen, in order to share the ways sexism and violence affects everyone in their daily life. ThisRead MoreFeminism : The Killing Joke By Alan Moore Brian Bolland And Batm A Serious House On Serious1229 Words   |  5 Pagesby reading and watching superhero narratives as a youth. What were the deeper messages in those stories that engrossed our weekends and evening hours and what do they say about us as a society? A perfect microcosm of how gender is treated in the genre was the way Batman and The Joker in graphic novels were reshaped by changing demands of masculinity. In the 1980’s two graphic novels Batman: The Killing Joke (1988) by Alan Moore Brian Bolland and Batman: A Serious House on Serious Earth (1989)Read MoreEssay about Alfred Hitchcocks Rear Window and the Crime Fiction Genre2515 Words   |  11 PagesAlfred Hitchcocks Rear Window continues and expands on traditional themes of the Detective Fiction Genre. In 1841, Murder in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe broke the traditional character constraints of the Crime Fiction Genre, by introducing a new type of lead detective figure. The ideal detective figure encompassed traits of superiority, intelligence, wit and a keen sense for observation. The lead detective figure is a sophisticated character that is not bound to the constrictions and limitationsRead MoreDisney s Evolving And Adapting Their Ideologies And How Is Frozen s Narrative Challenging Patriarchal Themes?2353 Words   |  10 PagesThe primary outlet of it was to produce original animations in America. Yet it continued its path of success to conquer the world of theme parks, television programmes, cable television and award winning films. Today, the Disney Brand is recognized as being one of the most successful names in the film and television field, with 14 international theme parks, numerous cable television channels and a strong online presence. Despite the fact that majority of people, are active consumers of Disney productionsRead MoreMajor Influences Shaping Theatre Practice Today2101 Words   |  9 Pagesthis change either through environmental, political or economic circumstances which has resulted in theatre becoming more meaningful whilst providing a wide range of genres. However in this essay I will be discussing the importance of feminism in modern theatre through the beginning and height of modernism, and how waves of feminis m have influenced theatre today. In 1880 the beginning of modernism started, the approach was to start questioning society. Dramatists, practitioners and directors sawRead MorePop Hop And The Hip Hop2224 Words   |  9 PagesPeople that are involved in Hip-hop feminism in the industry draw on the strengths of both the feminist legacy and of the contemporary movement hip-hop. Hip-hop and black feminism have intertwined and evolved together to create its own self-identification and political sphere, that emphasizes the personal is the political, however, there is still a divide between women who embrace feminism, yet try to keep a distance from hip-hop and vice versa. The themes in the films and readings show the U.S. contemporary

Scientific Management Fast Becoming Dated - 1520 Words

In todays modern era of business, with its exploding technological advances, easier access to materials and a much more skilled and specialized labor force the ideology behind using scientific management is fast becoming as dated a method as the industries that still heavily rely upon its principles to function efficiently. Considering that the fundamental principles of scientific management consist of breaking down manufacturing into its constituent parts allowing unskilled, simple minded, untrained workers to do any one of the multiple tasks that produce a product. This method functions in a manner that maximizes laborers potential and thus company profits by using an assembly line type system. Under this system only management however†¦show more content†¦The more lateral freedom an employee has the more room they have to excel rather than stick to a certain quota, as well as innovate and generally help improve the company in not only culture but productivity as well. Thi s need for more specialized and skilled employees rather than more mindless cogs in a machine is what will move the industrial and business world to the next level from the one at which we stand now, a level that is based on century old and fast dissipating model of doing things. Taylor’s method rested on a few key things, with employees it was their intelligence that came into play, in no way is it possible to tell an educated man that he must do one thing a certain way all day long when there may be an easier or more efficient way to go about it and this is where there is the biggest split between old era scientific management and todays evolving model. With more and more people attending university, getting an education and improving upon themselves, it only stands to reason that the jobs they go to work for be up to the same standards, no longer working 9-5 at the lumber or steel mill but rather manufacturing the new apple Iphone or engineering the next eco friendly car, options and jobs that were once allocated to only a small percentage of the population are now becoming not only more easily accessible but more of them are available as we move forward and companies become more globalized and interconnected. It is also precisely thisShow MoreRelatedTaylor : The Pioneers Of Scientific Management Theory918 Words   |  4 PagesTaylor was one of the pioneers of scientific management theory. He spent most of his life evolving scientific management theory in order to try and achieve greater efficiency in the workplace. 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The Relation between two Companies-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Compare and Contrast the two Companies in relation to the following: A vision or mission statement. Values of the Organisation Corporate Social Responsibility/Sustainability Stakeholders mentioned in their corporate statements Answer: Introduction: This report has been prepared to analyze the relation between two companies. It compares the relation among two companies named by Aristorcat Lesiure limited and Fortescue Metals Group. This report has been prepared to depict the user about the vision and mission statement, organizations value, sustainability or corporate social responsibility and stakeholders statements which has been mentioned by the companies in their annual reports. Further, many analysis techniques have been used by the company to understand the relationship among the companies. It has been analyzed through the reports and many techniques and tools that have been used to analyze the believable intention over the company. Company overview: Further for analyzing the reports briefly, Aristorcat Lesiure limited and Fortescue Metals Group have been analyzed. It has been done to contrast the management and business of the company. Aristorcat Lesiure limited: This company manufacturers gambling machines in Australia. This company is situated in Sydney suburb of North Ryde. The administration house of the company is in Sydney suburb of North Ryde whereas the research and development operation of the company is done at North Ryde site. This company has its development and marketing offices in United States, Russia and South Africa. Aristocrat is one of the biggest gambling machine producers in Australia and one of the biggest producers of slot equipments in the international level, presently it fall into the second position into the International Game Technology (Aristocrat Leisure Limited, 2017). Fortescue Metals Group: This company is an Australian iron ore firm. Fortescue metals group is the fourth biggest Iron ore manufacturer in the globe as of March 2011. This firm has covered above 87,000 km in Western Australia of the Pilbara region of making it the biggest dwelling holder in the circumstances; this company has its operations more than the Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton (Annual Report, 2017). SMART: SMART is a tool which is used for the managers to analyze the statements of the company. This term stands for specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely. This technique depict that whether the policies and statements of the company are specific to the company, could it be evaluated, is the company enough capable to achieve it, it is realistic or can company achieve it on time? SMART tool has been analyzed on both the companies in this report to understand this technique briefly. Through this technique, it would be analyzed that whether the company would be able to meet the statement which has been depicted by the company in its annual reports and on its website (De Gante, Aslan and Matrawy, 2014). Vision and mission: Vision and mission of both the companies have been analyzed to identify the comparison and contrast of both the companies in terms of its business operations and functioning. Main mission of Aristorcat Lesiure limited is to achieve the international level marketplace and reputation trade distinction through excellence. Endorse an atmosphere for knowledge and development create pleasant relationship in the society. For producing last value creation to companys customers by frequently and clearly dealing out the clients products safely and delivery on time, it allows the company to maintain an integrity for a long time (reference for business, 2017). The main vision of Fortescue is to be the safest company, offer lowest cost, most lucrative iron ore manufacturer. For realizing this company focuses on receiving the best from all the clients and employees by making sure that the environment and unique culture is supported through values and vision of the company (Fortescue Metals Group, 2017). Company considers itself as a family and the culture of the company guides the actions and assists the stakeholders to succeed. Company is committed as one squad and according to it; it founds itself as a best of the company. Vision and mission statement of both the companies have been analyzed and found that the vision and mission of both the companies are specific, but its quite hard for the Aristorcat Lesiure limited to evaluate it and further, it is achievable by both the companies if they make some changes in their functioning and work accordingly (Freeman, 2010). More, the statements of Fortescue are not realistic as they consider many irrelevant things into their mission and it is not possible for both the companies to achieve their mission on time (Aristocrat Leisure Limited, 2017). Corporate social responsibility: Corporate social responsibility is an initiative to take and assess the responsibility of the company over the social and environmental wellbeing. Corporate social responsibility is basically the responsiveness of the company towards the society and environment. It is accepted that business could only be set up by the help of the society so it is required for the company to do something for the welfare of the company. Corporate social responsibility of both the companies has been analyzed to contrast the business of both the companies. Fortescues promise to carrying positive community modify by contributing to finishing the difficulty amid Aboriginal populace in the Pilbara, supporting variety in the company and dealing with environmental confronts like climate modify, are significant basics of the Corporate Social Responsibility strategy of the company (Aristocrat Leisure Limited, 2017). Fortescues standards assemble at the approach of CSR. The companys values set the moral and ethical scope by which the firm undertakes its functioning. The Code of Conduct maintains the necessary standards of corporate conduct, personal and behavior which is expected of all the People related to company. Fortescue supports the society and it has joined many NGOs as a volunteer to support the society and resolve the societys issues (Fortescue Metals Group, 2017). Corporate social responsibility of Aristorcat Lesiure limited has also been analyzed and found that company is taking many initiatives to meet the societys expectations. It has been found that there are many changes which have been made by the company for enhancing the CSR policies of the company. Further, it has also been analyzed that company has adopted the CSR policies as its culture so that every employee could work accordingly and the CSR points of the company could be enhanced (Nitschke and Innes, 2008). Corporate social responsibility statement of both the companies have been analyzed and found that the CSR practices of both the companies are specific, more it ias also easy for both the companies to evaluate the practices. Further, it has been found that it is not achievable by both the companies as Fortescus CSR practices are quite different, so company is required to make some changes in its functioning and work accordingly. More, the statements of Aristorcat Lesiure limited are not realistic as they consider many irrelevant things into their practices and it is not possible for both the companies to achieve their CSR goals on time. Stakeholders in their corporate statements: Stakeholders are the people who have a relation with companys operation directly or indirectly. This relationship could be in form of profits, companys efficiency, companys functions, liquidity position of the company etc. there are 2 types of stakeholder one is external stakeholder and another one is internal stakeholders. External stakeholders are those who are not the part of an organization internally, these stakeholders are those people who is indirectly associated with the operations of the company whereas internal stakeholders are those who are the part of an organization internally, these stakeholders are those people who is directly associated with the operations of the company. It has been analyzed through the annual report of the Aristorcat Lesiure limited that company considers the shareholder as their key stakeholders. Company has also mentioned the part of other stakeholders but the main concern has been shown towards the shareholders of the company. Genuinely, shareholders are the main part of the business as without the investment company could not survive in the market but there are many other parties too that are responsible for the business functioning of the company (annual report, 2017). At the same time, Fortescues annual report has also been analyzed and it has been found that company considers the shareholder, creditors, debtors, and financial institutions etc as their key stakeholders. Company has also mentioned the part of other stakeholders as all are responsible for the growth of the company. Genuinely, shareholders are the main part of the business as without the investment company could not survive in the market as well as many other parties such as debtors, suppliers, employees, managers etc are also responsible for the business functioning of the company (Annual Report, 2017). Stakeholders statement of both the companies have been analyzed and found that the stakeholder information of both the companies are not specific, more, it is also not easy for Aristorcat Lesiure limited to evaluate the practices. Further, it has been found that it is achievable by both the companies (Meredith Belbin, 2011). More, the statements of Fortescues are not realistic as they consider many irrelevant things into their practices and it is not possible for both the companies to meet entire expectation of their stakeholders timely. Conclusion: Through this report, it has been analyzed that how SMART technique could help a company to manage its statements. In this report, a comparison has been done over the relation among two companies named by Aristorcat Lesiure limited and Fortescue Metals Group. It depicts the user about the vision and mission statement, organizations value, sustainability or corporate social responsibility and stakeholders statements which has been mentioned by the companies in their annual reports. References: Annual Report. 2016. Fortescue Metals Group. Viewed as on 6 Aug 2017 from https://fmgl.com.au/media/2862/fy16-fortescue-annual-report-final-with-cover.pdf Annual Report. 2017. Aristocrat Leisure Limited. Viewed as on 6 Aug 2017 https://ir.aristocrat.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=163688p=irol-reportsannual Aristocrat Leisure Limited, 2017. Corporate Social Responsibility.. Viewed as on 6 Aug 2017 https://www.csrhub.com/CSR_and_sustainability_information/Aristocrat-Leisure-Limited Fortescue Metals Group, 2017. Corporate Social Responsibility. Viewed as on 6 Aug 2017 from https://fmgl.com.au/community/corporate-social-responsibility/ De Gante, A., Aslan, M. and Matrawy, A., 2014, June. Smart wireless sensor network management based on software-defined networking. In Communications (QBSC), 2014 27th Biennial Symposium on (pp. 71-75). IEEE. Freeman, R.E., 2010. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge university press. Aristocrat Leisure Limited, 2017. Home. Viewed as on 6 Aug 2017 https://www.aristocrat.com/ Meredith Belbin, R., 2011. Management teams: Why they succeed or fail. Human Resource Management International Digest, 19(3). Nitschke, C.R. and Innes, J.L., 2008. Integrating climate change into forest management in South-Central British Columbia: An assessment of landscape vulnerability and development of a climate-smart framework. Forest Ecology and Management, 256(3), pp.313-327. References for business. 2017. Aristocrat Leisure Limited. Viewed as on 6 Aug 2017 https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/99/Aristocrat-Leisure-Limited.html Fortescue Metals Group, 2017. Vision and mission. Viewed as on 6 Aug 2017 from https://fmgl.com.au/people-and-careers/working-with-fortescue/vision-and-values

Holens Breakdown Essay Example For Students

Holens Breakdown Essay â€Å"This fall I think you’re riding for- it’s a special kind of fall, a horrible kind. The man falling isn’t permitted to feel or hear himself hit the bottom. He just keeps falling and falling. The whole arrangement’s designed for men who, at some time or other in their lives, were looking for something their own environment couldn’t supply them with. So they gave up looking. They gave it up before they ever really even got started.†Holden Caulfield’s fall to psychological breakdown begins with his brother Allie’s death. To Holden, Allie represents everything that was good in this world. When Allie is first described, Holden only says great things about him. â€Å"You’d have liked him He was terrifically intelegent He was the nicest (member of the family).† Therefore when Allie dies, the good things in his world disappears. After this first major event, Holden gradually realizes that he is powerless to change the evil and corrupt world that he lives in. Holden is looking for something that his own environment couldn’t supply him, the only thing that he ever liked, Allie. â€Å"Just because somebody’s dead, you don’t just stop liking them, for God’s sake- especially if they were about a thousand times nicer than the people you know that’re alive and all.† Another early event in Holden’s life is the death of James Castle. Holden sees himself as James in many ways. James would not take back what he said about a conceited boy, and jumped out of the window before he would do something that he did not believe in. Holden is the same in many ways. He refuses to accept the fact that the world is evil, and does everything in his power to change it. â€Å"The mark of an immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause, while the mark of a mature one is that humbly for one.†Another similarity between them both is that James was wearing Hold en’s sweater when he fell out of the window. As he saw James lying on the ground, Holden sees a part of himself die with him. The part that dies is the part that believes in the goodness of people Holden’s tendency to get kicked out of schools is both a reason and effect of his gradual fall. He does not apply himself in school because he is depressed, and is depressed because he is being kicked out of schools. This most recent expulsion has a larger effect than usual on Holden. He cares about Pency more than he did about the other schools. And for once, he knew that he was not coming back. When Holden leaves Pency, he states that, â€Å"I was sort of crying. I don’t know why†. â€Å"Sleep tight, ya morons!† Holden becomes more desperate when he realizes that his old friend Jane Gallagher was going on a date with his roommate Stradlater. He realizes that Stradlater was going to take away Jane’s innocence by treating her like he treats other g irls. That is why Holden tries to remind Jane of her childhood when he asks Stradlater to ask her about keeping her kings in the back row. He wants to save Jane from falling off the rye Ironically, Phoebe, who is one of the innocent children he is trying to protect, is the one who brings him to reality and to his final breakdown. Phoebe is the one who challenges his plan to escape out west. As he tells Phoebe that she cannot run away, he discovers that he too cannot run away. â€Å"You can’t ever find a place that is nice and peaceful, because there isn’t any†. â€Å"All the kids were trying to grab for the gold ring, and so was old Phoebe, and I was sort of afraid she’d fall off the goddamn horse, but I didn’t say anything or do anything. The thing with kids is, that if they want to grab the gold ring, you have to let them do it, and not say anything. If they fall off, they fall off, but it’s bad if The gold rings are not gold, but are rea lly brass plated iron which represents the corrupt world which wears a shinny surface to hide the evil. Holden finally realizes that he cannot stop children from growing up or reaching for that gold ring. If they fall, they fall; and there is nothing he can do about it. 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Research Proposal on Business Intelligence Research Paper Example

Research Proposal on Business Intelligence Paper Business intelligence is the process of transformation of data into information, and information into knowledge, which can be used for the improvement of the competitiveness of the enterprise. The term â€Å"business intelligence† was introduced by the prominent researcher from IBM Hans Peter Luhn in 1958, who said that business intelligence is the ability to understand the connections between the existing facts in such a way to direct one’s activity to the achieving on his goal. The modern understanding of business intelligence is a bit more different, because they understand it as the appliances and software which work in the borders on the firm maintaining the function of the constant access to the information which is stored in the database helping the company in the process of the successful decision making. This explanation appeared in the first part of 1990s and at present time it has been slightly modified and means the complex of methods, infrastructure, instru ments and other practices which maintain the access towards information and its analysis for the sake of the firm. Business intelligence is a complex system of the use of information for the development of the firm. The experts and group managers have the constant access towards the databases which contain facts about the current condition of the business, its strong and weak sides and they think about the most effective ways out of the crisis generating smart ideas which are so important for the decision making. All in all, business intelligence is the storage and analysis of the wide range of facts which can be used for the effective decision making process. Business intelligence is the process of obtaining constructive and valuable knowledge from the information which is always at company’s disposal. The student has the opportunity to observe the problem deeper and prepare a good proposal which would persuade the professor in the student’s creativity and professionalism. The young person has to think about the most important aspects and points of business intelligence which are worth researching and observe them in detail. The student’s task is to prepare a well-arranged list of issues for the research and demonstrate the methods used for this purpose. Finally, one has to dwell on the aim of the investigation and prove that the research will be useful for the discipline. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Business Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Business Intelligence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Business Intelligence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The student has the chance to prepare a well-structured proposal which will be accepted by the professor, so in order to catch the right manner of writing one should read a free example research proposal on business intelligence completed by the expert on the online services. The sort of assistance in the form of a free sample research proposal on business intelligence will be quite useful for the student who requires help on persuasive style of writing and correct formatting of the text. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Business Intelligence topics. Your proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Free Essays on Wind Energy

There are several different sources of power that people use. The most common source of energy used is fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are coal, oil, and gas. Other types of energy are solar, wind, and hydroelectric. These sources of energy are much more efficient. Along with this, they are much cleaner than fossil fuels. Lastly, wind power, along with solar and hydroelectric will never run dry. Wind Power is a great source of energy. The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. The best way to collect wind power would be threw the use of windmills or wind Turbines. Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the traditional farm windmills used for pumping water; and the vertical-axis design. Modern wind technology takes advantage of advances in materials, engineering, electronics, and aerodynamics. All electric-generating wind turbines, no matter what size, are comprised of a few basic components: the rotor (the part that actually rotates in the wind), the electrical generator, a speed control system, and a tower. Some wind machines have fail-safe shutdown systems so that if part of the machine fails, the shutdown systems turn the blades out of the wind or puts on brakes. Wind turbines are often grouped together into a single wind power plant, also known as a wind farm, and generate bulk electrical power. Electricity from these turbines is fed into the local utility grid and distribute to customers just as it is with conventional power plants. Unlike many other power plants, wind farms are very quite. Many people experimented with wind Power, but Charles F. Brush was a great wind power pioneer. During the winter of 1887-88 Brush built what is today believed to be the first automatically operating wind turbine for elec... Free Essays on Wind Energy Free Essays on Wind Energy There are several different sources of power that people use. The most common source of energy used is fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are coal, oil, and gas. Other types of energy are solar, wind, and hydroelectric. These sources of energy are much more efficient. Along with this, they are much cleaner than fossil fuels. Lastly, wind power, along with solar and hydroelectric will never run dry. Wind Power is a great source of energy. The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. The best way to collect wind power would be threw the use of windmills or wind Turbines. Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the traditional farm windmills used for pumping water; and the vertical-axis design. Modern wind technology takes advantage of advances in materials, engineering, electronics, and aerodynamics. All electric-generating wind turbines, no matter what size, are comprised of a few basic components: the rotor (the part that actually rotates in the wind), the electrical generator, a speed control system, and a tower. Some wind machines have fail-safe shutdown systems so that if part of the machine fails, the shutdown systems turn the blades out of the wind or puts on brakes. Wind turbines are often grouped together into a single wind power plant, also known as a wind farm, and generate bulk electrical power. Electricity from these turbines is fed into the local utility grid and distribute to customers just as it is with conventional power plants. Unlike many other power plants, wind farms are very quite. Many people experimented with wind Power, but Charles F. Brush was a great wind power pioneer. During the winter of 1887-88 Brush built what is today believed to be the first automatically operating wind turbine for elec...

Strategic perspectives of Book publishing houses in Germany in light Outline

Strategic perspectives of Book publishing houses in Germany in light of the current sector structure and prospective trends - Outline Example Conclusion and Recommendations 20 References 22 Bibliography 25 1. Introduction One of the most significant and remarkable industries stimulating the economic growth is the publishing industry. In the current day context, Germany counts on more than a hundred different industries related to manufacturing, producing and service and technology sectors. Undoubtedly, these industries participating in the economic growth including the publishing industry have a great significance on the German economy. The German Publishing Industry, in a wider perspective involves several sub-divisions such as the news publishing and the book publishing sectors. Elaborating on the milieu that concentrated on the Book Publishing sector, it was witnessed to contribute a total of 9.6 billion euro to the economy in the fiscal year 2007. Therefore, the growing impact of the industry, i.e. the book publishing industry in the German economy is invariable (Magazine Dutchesland, 2008). Recognising the strengtheni ng impact and the future prospects of book publishing industry in German economy, the paper shall be aimed at the industry analysis implying various marketing approaches and models such as Porter’s Five Forces model and the value chain approach. ... For instance, the German Book Industry was recently alleged to hamper the rainforests and in turn affect the environmental balance of Asia. This evidently influenced the market growth and the industry at large affecting the production of papers from pulps. The affect was termed as strongly impulsive due to the fact that the industry in 2008 was ranked as one of the largest industries of Europe printing more than 1 billion books annually (Space Mart, 2009). Hence, it is quite evident that the book market similar to any other industry is influenced by various factors active in the macro and micro environment of the industry. These factors, henceforth, shall be discussed further in the paper with the assistance of Porter’s Five Forces and Value Chain approaches. 2.1. Porter’s Five Forces Model Figure 1: Diagram of Porter’s Five Forces Model. Source: (Smart KPIS, 2010). Relating the concept to the context of German book industry, these five influencing factors, as ca n be revealed from the above represented image, shall have a great impact on its growth trends which in turn shall also affect the major players of the book market. Moreover, the implication of the model shall be helpful in identifying the current and future trends of the industry. 2.1.1. Potential Entrants An industry in the related context attracts potential entrants due to the advantages or opportunities rendered by the industry and vice-versa. Therefore, analysing the opportunities and the challenges of the industry can provide an unambiguous outlook to identify the possibility of increase in the total numbers of potential entrants. The opportunities of the industry therefore are: It is termed to be quite successful in holding its position even

(whatever you feel good) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

(whatever you feel good) - Essay Example However, since there is always a close relationship between the public and the celebrity therefore there arise a question always as to whether the personal lives of those celebrities revealed to the general public or not. Personal characteristics of celebrities also include their sexual orientation therefore question arise as to whether the celebrity’s sexual orientation should be revealed to the public and who should reveal it. As discussed above that celebrities being the most famous among the masses tend to have two different life styles where mostly their real and private life style is not revealed to the public in most of the cases. â€Å"Celebrities are asked all the time about their personal lives, including their romances, so it’s perfectly fair for the media to ask â€Å"the question† of public figures and then let the person have their say. If they choose a non-answer, like Foster, Cooper and the other glass closet occupants, then so be it. Report the answer and let people think (and say) what they may.† (Crain). This quote clearly defines how the media should be projecting the personal lives of the celebrities including their sexual orientation. However, the ethical practices of the profession are not very often practiced therefore there remains always a strong probability that media may not behave the way it should have. The issue of disclosing the sexual orientation of the celebrities needs to be viewed on two different counts. First whether the public at large is willing to know about this fact and secondly if yes how Media should report this fact? What should be the ethical parameters under which this fact can be revealed to the public? This question also need to be viewed within the social connotation of celebrities also as revealing sexual orientation of a celebrity in India might bring entirely different reaction as compared to

New Service Ideas ( based upon changing Consumers and Markets) Article

New Service Ideas ( based upon changing Consumers and Markets) - Article Example Try to find articles that have a focus on consumers or consumer groups and how they are changing. DON’T pick articles on new products or services- pick a broader consumer or environmental trend- make sure it is a major, not a minor trend- and that it is in the U.S. (we are not focusing on other countries for this assignment- it may be a Global trend- that’s OK, but must be ‘trending’ in the US too.) 2) Then answer the question "HOW are these trends important to marketers of services?" How will they Impact some services? (1/2 page). Focus on SERVICES, not products- and how this trend will impact Services in General- what unique elements of services will be impacted by this trend (like restaurants, or bars, or airlines, or hotels†¦etc) 3) Finally, take a stab at developing TWO NEW (2) Services or Service Extensions (Wal-Mart having child-care; Target decorating college dorm rooms) that would capitalize and be successful because of this trend. Cool examples in past of new services: â€Å"Elder Universities† (for seniors); Airlines for adults only (no babies/ children); Nightclubs for older women (cougars); Cruise Lines for Disabled People; Spa for Asian Americans; Evangelical Christian Dating or Cruise Line, Vacations where you can take your dog†¦.etc. (1/2 to 2/3 page for EACH service idea). Turn in a copy of the two articles with your 2-2.5 page write-up (hint- good magazines/journals to look in are American Demographics, Advertising Age, Business Week/Forbes/ Fortune, and Wall Street Journal. One of the major social trends that is developing in America is assimilation of immigrants and young generation adapting to cultures from different cultures. For instance, more kids of young generation are exploring new avenues of socializing and even dating. More than ever, groups of different nationalities and religions are intermixing, which is

Nature of Cortical Bone

Nature of Cortical Bone Nature of cortical bone from the millimeter to Nano-meter scale: Likewise, with every organic tissue, cortical bone has a various leveled structure. This implies cortical bone contains a wide range of structures that exist on many levels of scale. The various leveled association of cortical bone is characterized in the table below: Cortical bone structural organization: Level Cortical structure Size range h 0 Solid material >3000mm 1 Secondary Osteons (A) Primary Osteons (B) Plexiform (C) Interstitial Bone 100 to 300mm 2 Lamellae(A,B*,C*) Lacunae(A,B,C,D) Cement lines(A) 3 to 20mm 3 Collagen-Composite(A,B,C,D) 0.06 to 0.6mm Table 1 Cortical bone structural organization along with approximate physical scales. A Structures found in secondary cortical bone B Structures found in primary lamellar cortical bone C Structures found in plexiform bone D Structures found in woven bone * Structures present in B and C but much less than in A Figure 1 Cortical Bones Section view Woven-fibered cortical bone: Woven bone tissue is frequently found in extremely youthful developing skeletons less than 5 years old. Woven bone is accepted to be less thick in light of the free and muddled pressing of the sort I collagen filaments. woven bone is less hardened than different sorts of bone tissue in light of the commence that break callus is made predominantly out of woven bone and is a great deal less solid than typical bone tissue. Coordinate estimations of woven bone tissue solidness have not been made. Plexiform Cortical Bone Tissue: Figure 2 Plexiform Bone Section view Plexiform bone emerges from mineral buds which develop first opposite and after that parallel to the external bone surface. This developing example creates the block like structure normal for plexiform bone. Every block in plexiform bone is around 125 microns (mm) crosswise over. Plexiform bone, like essential and optional bone, must be shaped on existing bone or ligament surfaces and cant be framed all over again like woven bone. Because of its association, plexiform bone offers a great deal more surface territory contrasted with essential or auxiliary bone whereupon bone can be shaped. This expands the measure of bone which can be shaped in each time allotment and gave an approach to all the more quickly increment bone firmness and quality in a brief timeframe. While plexiform may have more noteworthy firmness than essential or optional cortical bone, it might do not have the break capturing properties which would make it more appropriate for more dynamic species like canines (pooc hes) and human Primary Osteonal Cortical Bone Tissue: they dont contain the same number of lamellae as auxiliary osteons. Likewise, the vascular channels inside primary osteons have a tendency to be smaller than optional osteons. Consequently, primary Osteonal cortical bone might be mechanically more stronger than secondary Osteonal cortical bone Secondary Osteonal Cortical Bone Tissue: Auxiliary osteons contrast from essential osteons in that optional osteons are framed by substitution of existing bone. Auxiliary bone outcomes from a procedure known as remodeling. In rebuilding, bone cells known as osteoclasts first resorb or destroy an area of bone in a passage called a cutting cone. Taking after the osteoclasts are bone cells known as osteoblasts which then frame issue that remains to be worked out up the passage. The osteoblasts top off the passage in stunned sums making lamellae which exist at the second level of structure. The osteoblasts dont totally fill the cutting cone however leave an inside part open. This focal bit is known as a Haversian channel (see cortical bone schematic). The aggregate breadth of an auxiliary osteon ranges from 200 to 300 microns (meant as mm; equivalent to 0.2 to 0.3 millimeters). Notwithstanding osteons, optional cortical bone tissue likewise contains interstitial bone (umich.edu, n.d.) Figure 3 Secondary Osteonal Cortical Bone Tissue Performance of Bone as a tough and light material: Most long bones appear, at first sight, to be unduly firm for the capacity they need to serve. If distinctive ones are made of bone material with similar properties, the thicker they are, the stiffer they will be. They will likewise, obviously, be heavier. Consequently, it may appear that there is a basic tradeoff amongst solidness and mass. Notwithstanding, one cant consider the firmness and mass of the bone alone. One must consider additionally the mass of the muscle and bone framework together. Regularly, as when a weight is held in the hand with the elbow twisted, the framework ought not divert at all affected by a heap. Assume that the muscle is equipped for bearing the heap. To do this, it needs a specific cross-sectional area, however its length is irrelevant. The load is appied through the hand toward the end of the bone, which will avoid to some degree, however the diversion can be taken up by compression of the muscle. On the off chance that the bone were thin and in this way light, yet adaptable, then after the load was applied, the muscle would need to get far to balance the extensive diversion of the finish of the adaptable bone. Assuming, on the other hand, the bone was stout and along these lines heavy, however stiff, after a similar load was applied, the muscle would need to contract just a short approach to balance the slight adaptability of the bone. The muscle appended to the adaptable bone would need to be longer, in light of the fact that there is more redirection in the unresolved issue up, than the muscle joined to the solid bone, and on the grounds that the two muscles must have same cross-sectional zone, the muscle connected to the more adaptable bone would accordingly be heavier. As it were, one is paying for daintiness in the bone by weight in the muscles and the other way around. The pinnacle worries in the bone would be around 75 MPa when the framework was lightest. What is fascinating about this outcome is that the anxiety esteem is generally the same as the most extreme burdens found in the legs of numerous warm blooded animals amid strenuous exercises, for example, running quick or bouncing. At the end of the day, if bones were intended to have an adaptability that would limit the mass of the bone-muscle framework, the anxieties forced by the muscles would be of the request of 75 MPa, and this is generally what we find that bones are uncovered to. It might be, in this way, that the security considers that we see bones are, inexactly, controlled by the ideal firmness for least general weight. In the event that bone material were considerably weaker than it really is, bones would be heavier, thus drive the relationship, and they would be stiffer than was ideal for least mass. Remodeling of Cortical Bone and Cancellous Bone: Cortical bone: remodels by osteoclastic tunneling (cutting cone) osteoclastic resorption > layering of osteoblasts > layering of lamellae > cement line laid down. osteoclast make up head of cutting cone, followed by capillaries and then osteoblasts which lay down the osteoid to fill the cutting cone. sclerostin inhibits osteoblastogenenesis to decrease bone formation. cortical bone continues to change over time. cortical area decreases as age increases linked to increase fracture risk medullary canal volume increases as age increases Cancellous bone remodels by osteoclastic resorption osteoblastic deposition of layers of lamellae (Moore, n.d.) Figure 4 Bone rebuilding cavity diagram. (Disord, n.d.) Bone remodeling happens in what Frost named the Basic Multicellular Unit (BMU), which includes the osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes inside the bone-rebuilding cavity (Fig. 4). In cancellous bone rebuilding happens on the surface of trabeculae and keeps going around 200 days in ordinary bone. The rebuilding cycle can be as short as 100 days in thyrotoxicosis and essential hyperparathyroidism and surpass 1,000 days in low turnover states like Myxedema and after bisphosphonate treatment. Remodeling is started by osteoclastic resorption, which dissolves a resorption lacuna, the profundity of which fluctuates between 60 in youthful people and 40 ÃŽÂ ¼m in more established people. The resorption time frame has a middle span of 30-40 days and is trailed by bone development over a time of 150 days (Fig. 4). In typical bone the aftereffect of the remodeling cycle is finished refilling of the resorption lacuna with new bone. In sickness states like osteoporosis, the fundamental defo rmity is that the osteoblast cant refill the resorption lacuna prompting to a net loss of bone with each remodeling occasion. In cortical bone remodeling continues in passages with osteoclasts framing cutting cones evacuating harmed bone took after by refilling by osteoblasts in the end cone happening behind the osteoclasts. In typical bone the span of the renovating cycle in cortical is shorter than in cancellous bone with a middle of 120 days. The aggregate surface of cancellous bone is totally renovated over a time of 2 years. As opposed to renovating destinations in cancellous bone, which are near red marrow, known to contain osteoprogenitor cells, rebuilding locales in cortical bone are far off from red marrow. Thusly, it was expected that the components of bone remodeling were distinctive in cancellous versus cortical bone, i.e. that the cells required for bone rebuilding in cancellous bone voyaged straightforwardly from the red marrow to bone surfaces in cancellous bone, whil e cells achieved cortical remodeling destinations bone by means of the vasculature. (Eriksen, n.d.) Targeted and non-targeted remodeling: Through its steady removal and renewal of damaged bone, bone redesigning secures skeletal trustworthiness all through life. It has turned out to be standard to recognize targeted on and non-targeted on (stochastic) rebuilding. Non-targeted on rebuilding means control renovating by hormones like PTH, thyroxine, development hormone and estrogen, additionally antiresorptive medications like bisphosphonates may influence non-targeted on redesigning. It appears that the primary pathway is through regulation of osteoclasts, which then by means of the coupling amongst resorption and development along these lines influences osteoblast movement. Directed redesigning secures expulsion of harmed bone through targeted resorption. Osteocytes are the most plenteous cells in bone, and their passing by microdamage has been recommended to be the significant occasion driving in the start of osteoclastic bone resorption. In typical bone. Resorption lacunae are 3 times more regular in relationship with microcracks, showing that redesigning is related with repair of such microdamage. Harmed osteocytes advance separation of osteoclast forerunners driven by discharge of M-CSF and RANKL. In cortical bone there is confirmation to recommend, that microdamage enacts new BMUs, as well as may direct the development of existing BMUs as they passage through the cortex. It likewise appears that the level of harm to the osteocyte organize decides osteocyte metabolic reactions to stacking and impacts targeted on renovating. Investigation of the relationship of between mean microcrack length and BMU resorption space thickness in cortical bone shows that BMUs have a powerful region around 40 times more prominent than their genuine cross-area, which proposes that osteoclasts in the cutting cone of cortical BMUs can detect and direct toward microdamage. The connection amongst microdamage and start of bone renovating is further validated by the way that osteoclastic resorption is expanded in old bone. how cells are effected by mechanical loads, fluid or forces: In physical movement, mechanical strengths are applied on the bones through ground response forces and by the contractile action of muscles. These physical strengths result in an upkeep or pick up of bone mass, additionally drive adjustment of bone structure. The adjustment of trabecular bone engineering as per the requests of mechanical utilization is apparent in the vertebrae, where the trabeculae are transcendently situated in the longitudinal course, giving the most ideal imperviousness to pressure break of the vertebrae with an insignificant utilization of material. A great case of the empowering impact of mechanical stimuli on bone mass is given by the bones in the lower arm of tennis players. The ulna and radius in the arm that holds the racket are presented to high effect forces, prompting to little distortions in the hardened bone grid and an expansion in bone mass of 5 to 10% contrasted with the ulna in the contra-parallel arm. The distortions that happen in bones subsequen tly of physical forces are communicated as strain, where 1,000 microstrain breaks even with a 0.01% change long of the bone contrasted with its unique length. Lively exercise prompts bone strains up to 1,000 microstrain in people. By examination, controlled episodes of entire bone stacking bringing about 1,000 to 3,000 microstrain are anabolic in exploratory creature models of one-stacking, exhibiting the potential for fitting physical exercise schedules as a way to improve bone mass. The cells likely in charge of detecting the physical stimuli got from mechanical forces applied on bones are the osteocytes, which include more than 90% of the bone cells. Osteocytes are stellate cells that are inserted inside the calcified bone framework. They shape an extensive number of cell-cell contacts through their long slim cell forms, framing a syncytium fit for fast transduction of signs. Osteocytes are exceptionally mechanosensitive, likely more so than periosteal fibroblasts or osteoblasts, and change the creation of a large number of flagging particles when activated by a mechanical force. Mechanically initiated osteocytes create flagging atoms like bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Wnts, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and NO, which can adjust the enrollment, separation, and action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Along these lines, osteocytes are hypothetically equipped for coordinating bone adjustment in light of mechanical stimuli. The loss of bone mass after rear appendag e emptying of mice was forestalled when 80% of the osteocytes were removed. Osteocytes accordingly appear to empower osteoclast action without day by day mechanical burdens, a capability that has been affirmed in vitro thinks about. To be sure it has been indicated as of late by two free gatherings that RANKL generation by osteocytes decides bone mass in grown-up mice, showing the significance of osteocytes in the control of bone mass. Strangely, a similar review exhibiting the prerequisite of osteocytes for intervening emptying instigated bone misfortune likewise demonstrated that the anabolic reaction of unresolved issue (does not require the nearness of living osteocytes. Be that as it may, this does not wipe out the part of osteocytes in intervening the anabolic reaction of unresolved issue under typical conditions. If osteocytes are the expert mechanosensing cells of bone, then how do these cells sense entire bone burdens? One prominent hypothesis involves that network trains encompassing the osteocyte cell forms drive a thin layer of extracellular fluid encompassing the osteocyte cell procedures to stream over a weight angle. This stream of fluid opens up nearby strains, and is along these lines the mechanical signal that is eventually detected by the osteocytes. There is adequate exploratory proof to bolster disfigurements of the bone grid drive an interstitial fluid stream. A stream of additional cell fluid around the osteocytes thus of bone tissue strains, by stacking of sheep tibiae and taking after the dispersion of tracers through the lacuno-canalicular system. All the more as of late, Price et al.(2011) utilized fluorescence recuperation in the wake of photobleaching for imaging fluid dislodging synchronized with mechanical stacking, to demonstrate that the mechanical stacking of mouse tibia upgraded fluid transport through the lacuno-canalicular framework, exhibiting the connection of canalicular fluid stream with mechanical load. Moreover, a few agents announced that it is not the measure of strain connected to an entire bone that impacts bone development, yet the rate at which the strain is connected. References Disord, R. E. (n.d.). Rev Endocr Metab Disord. Retrieved from Reviews in Endocrine Metabolic Disorders: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3028072/figure/Fig1/ Eriksen, E. F. (n.d.). Reviews in Endocrine Metabolic Disorders. Retrieved from Reviews in Endocrine Metabolic Disorders: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3028072/ Moore, D. (n.d.). Orthobullets. Retrieved from Orthobullets: www.orthobullets.com/basic-science/9008/bone-remodeling umich.edu. (n.d.). Introduction to Biosolid Mechanics. Retrieved from umich.edu: http://www.umich.edu/~bme332/ch9bone/bme332bone.htm

Capital Punishment :: essays research papers fc

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Crime is a part of our lives, it is everywhere! Controlling or eliminating crime and criminals is no easy task but it can not be ignored. Making sure those that are rightly accused to a just punishment is very important. There are many reasons why people commit crimes; some do it for the shear of enjoyment others do it to be able to survive. The death penalty should not be used for every crime, although I strongly believe it should be used for those who commit very violent crimes, such as murder. Deterrence is the means to punish those who commit crimes as an example and to create fear in others who might want to commit a crime. The death penalty is one way we use to create fear! Most people fear death one way or another. Ernest van den Hagg, in his article â€Å"On Deterrence and the Death Penalty† mentions, â€Å"One abstains from dangerous acts because of vague, inchoate, habitual and, above all preconscious fears† (193). Without this type of deterrence what would stop criminals that already in prisons for life keep from killing another inmate or a staff that works there? There are those that are against the death penalty called anti-death penalty advocates, they say that imprisonment by it self is enough to deter criminals, killing criminals is not needed! Hugo Bedau argues in his article, â€Å"Capital Punishment and Social defense† says, â€Å"Crimes can be deterred only by making would-be criminals frightened of being arrested, convicted, and puni shed for crimes† (301). According to Richard Seiter in his book â€Å"An Introduction Corrections† states that â€Å"From 1986 to 1997 the number of males that went to prison increased 70% while the number of females increased 118%† (210). It seems that just going to prison isn’t enough for some people. Without the death penalty insane people would kill others thinking they could get away with it and if not what’s the worst going to happened to them â€Å"Prison for life†! One could argue that the death penalty probably has saved someone’s life because it deterred someone from committing that act! Still anti-death penalty advocates believe that the death penalty is irreversible and that some people who really weren’t guilty are sentenced to death. Yes the death penalty is irreversible but the chance that an innocent person gets sentenced to death is extremely low. The judicial system goes threw extreme measures to insure this doesn’t happened! They do this by making sure that only when guilt is determined by clear and convincing evidenced be punished.

Motivation and Organizational Culture Essay

A psychologically safe and healthy workplace is one that promotes the well-being of an individual. It is creating an environment that is enjoyable and respectful of all people, regardless of cultural or ethical differences. Japanese immigrant, Ayame Nakamura, is employed as a pharmaceutical project manager in California. The confrontational management style interferes with Ayame’s cultural background. Workplace motivation can affect areas such as productivity and influence organizational culture. Management Roles The main goal of management and workplace psychology is to create an environment that is conducive to allowing employees to perform at their highest potential. Management’s role in workplace psychology is a large component of overall satisfaction. Initially, there responsibility is to provide a workspace that is fair and diverse. This provides employees the opportunity to learn and grow within the company by giving them a chance for personal development. Psychologically, management should state clearly their expectations. Their role should be to support, promote flexibility, provide advancement opportunities, and offer praise when it’s due. Employees are more likely to put forth great effort with the knowledge that those efforts will be noticed and reviewed. The energy that management puts into their employees is paramount to creating growth both in the individual and the company. (Robbins, et al, 2011) Cultural Background and Feedback Language and actions are used to express ourselves or to get our ideas across to another. Verbal, nonverbal, and visual clues are all various methods using to establish, maintain, and modify relationships. Effective communication, regardless of culture, has the ability to help or harm any potential business relationship. Culture can be defined as the  characteristics of a particular group of people that may be defined by language, religion, social habits, or music. In the case of Ayame, a Japanese immigrant, her culture places a high emphasis on collectivism. Ayame’s culture places a high emphasis on giving the business aspect priority over placing emphasis on each individual in it. The pharmaceutical company she works for has a confrontational style that conflicts with her cultural background. Firm, consistent feedback that done in a gentler manner would encourage Ayame and keep her motivated and keep in line with her cultural beliefs. Ayame’s background encourages f ace to face communication that is a consensus of both herself and management. I would encourage the pharmaceutical company’s management team to review their communication strategies and have a meeting with Ayame to ensure that all parties are satisfied with the terms of employment. (Robbins, et al, 2011) Motivation Techniques Ayame’s motivation is lacking due to cultural issues in management’s confrontational management style. This confrontational style makes it difficult for her to receive and process feedback and is affecting her motivation. The pharmaceutical company needs to identify what motivates people and what does not. People tend to do their best work when they are in an environment in which they feel valued. Simple changes such as â€Å"thank you,† or â€Å"great job!,† can encourage an employee to go the extra mile. These simple changes could encourage Ayame and motivate her to put her best foot forward. According to Hackman and Olman (2011), â€Å"any job can be described in terms of the following five core job dimensions: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. (pg 273). Ayame is likely motivated to do her job well, is able to complete the tasks, and can do so in an effective manner. She does, however, struggle in the final dimension. Management should support Ayame in the top three job dimensions. By guiding her through their expectations, they are giving Ayame a chance to show her skillset and they are supporting her in that position. Employees who are supported and feel valued are more productive. Areas such as job design, delegation of duties, and recognizing the manner in which Ayame processes and receives information are all methods of increasing her motivation. (Robbins, et al, 2011) The manner in which the world perceives  us and how we are perceived comes down to our actions. Motivation is the force that drives us to act, work harder, and that pushes us to succeed. There are several types of motivation with each type influencing how we respond in a different matter. Being mindful of each other cultural and ethical belief can affect the performance of all employees. Each person adds something to the melting pot that is the United States of America. In order to effectively motivate and go forward, each person needs to be mindful of the next. References Robbins, S., Decenzo, D., & Coulter, M. (2011) Fundamentals of management: Essential concepts and applications (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Sarafino, E.P. (2011). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: J John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Plants Essays - Botany, Biology, Plant Anatomy, Plant Morphology

Plants Essays - Botany, Biology, Plant Anatomy, Plant Morphology Plants Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even other plants. They have always been very important to people, not only for food, but also for clothing,weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter and a great many other purposes. Both humansand animals benefit from plants. We eat many different types of plants such as fruits andvegetables. We also use plants for our herbs. Plants are also used to manufacture manydifferent products such as shampoos, rubber, paper, and camera film. In some countries,fermented sugar cane is used instead of gasoline. Animals use plants in many differentways also. They eat many fruits and other plants. Many animals use plants for shelter. Plants also provide animals with protection from predators. The destruction of differentplants sometimes leads to animals becoming endangered or extinct. The basic structure of plants consists of roots, stem, leaves, flower and/or fruit or seeds. A flower is the part ofthe plant that makes the seeds. The main parts of a flower are the carpels and stamens. These parts are often found in the center of the flower. There are egg cells in the carpeland pollen cells in the stamen. All flowers have four basic parts: sepals, petals, carpels,and stamen. Different flowers have different numbers and shapes of these parts. Mostplants can be divided into one of two general categories: herbaceous or woody plants. Herbaceous plants have soft stems, while woody plants are tree-like. Herbaceous plantsproduce completely new stems each year. The approaching cold weather causes the newstems to die back to the ground. Some herbaceous plants survive periods of cold byforming underground bulbs, or tubers used for food storage. Many herbaceous plantscomplete their life cycles within one growing season and the whole plant dies, even theroots. These annuals produce seeds that will form new plants the next year.Land plantsare divided into two groups based on whether they have vascular tissues or not. Allnonva scular plants are placed in one division. There are nine divisions of vascular plants. These are divided based on whether they form seeds or not.Division Bryophyta -nonvascular plantSClass - Musci - the mossesDivision Pterophyta - ferns, group ofseedless plantsDivision Coniferophyta - cone-forming seed plantsDivision Anthophyta -fruit-forming seed plants Class - Monocotyledonae Class - DicotyledonaeChapter2ROOTSRoots help to anchor a plant in the ground. . Plants generally conform to one oftwo root systems, a taproot system or a fibrous root system. . When the plant is grownfrom cuttings, a fibrous root system will form.Every root grows a mass of tiny hairs nearits tip to absorb water from the soil. These tiny hairs are called root hairs, and they aremade from cells. They take water to the main root. The main root brings the water to themain plant. The roots also help hold the plant in the ground. The inside of a roothas four different parts. The epidermis is the outside part. It is like our skin. It protectsthe inside parts of the root, like our skin protects us. Plants take in water from the soilthrough their roots. The water passes through the vascular rays until it reaches the centerof the root, the stele. This is where the veins are located. The veins are called xylem. They carry the water and food through the plant. Between the epidermis and the stele isthe fleshy cortex.Land plants are divided into two groups based on whether they havevascular tissues or not. All nonvascular plants are placed in one division. There are ninedivisions of vascular plants. These are divided based on whether they form seeds or not.Stems support the plant. They transport vitamins, minerals and water up and down insidethe plant. They also serve as a storage area for plants.There are several different types ofstems such as, woody, herbaceous, stolons, rhizomes, and bulbs. These are describedbelow. Herbaceous, non-woody, plants have vascular tissues arranged in bundles. Thesevas cular bundles are either scattered throughout the stem or found in a ring toward theedge of the stem. The stems of herbaceous plants remain upright because of the structureof the cells in the stem. The individual cells have rigid walls. . In woody plants, thephloem is located in a ring near the stem while the xylem is located more to the inside. The stem also takes on different appearances

History of Republicanism Essays

History of Republicanism Essays History of Republicanism Essay History of Republicanism Essay Essay Topic: On Liberty The Republic Introduction A wise man once said, you cannot know where you going if you do not know where you are from. These wise words had the intention of reminding people how important history is and why it should not be overlooked. As much as history remains unchanged and there is nothing that can be done to change it, history defines and gives us a sense of belonging. It is through history that we get to learn a lot of things about our past, in the both lines of success and failure. What is republicanism In the history of United States, republicanism has been a major political philosophy ever since its founding. This philosophy was founded in the mid-18thcentury by the Founding Fathers. The Founding Fathers refers to the thirteen individuals of each British Colony in North America. They are called the Founding Fathers because of the great roles they played in liberating the United States of America against the British rule. They are directly affiliated with the liberation of the Americans from colonization. It also refers to those who took part in signing the Declaration of Independence. They came up with the philosophy of Republicanism which had its basis on liberty and campaigning for individual rights. The Founding Fathers are also knows as the leaders of the free world as they made United States citizens sovereign and rejected systems such as monarch and aristocracy. The Great Awakening Definition The Great Awakening refers to a movement that was in British America and Protestant Europe. This movement was evangelical and based on revitalization. The most impacted group by this movement was the American colonies. The values and enlightenment it brought played a crucial role in the attainment of independence of the United States of America. The Great Awakening left a large impact on Protestants in America. The teachings and values upheld by the Great Awakening had a lot to do with personal salvation. The listeners obtained a need of salvation and Jesus Christ was the way to that. Several rituals were done away with during this period such as: hierarchy and ceremonies. Ethics and personal morality were highly advocated for. Connection The two movements have a lot in common. The first teaching that they both advocate for is the freedom of individual. The Great Awakening preached for personal reflection and salvation from evil. People were being asked to accept Jesus Christ who is the key to salvation so as to free them from evil and sins. On the other hand, Republicanism was against colonization and stressed on individual rights as paramount. Republicanism was all about the freedom of people to choose and decide their lives in the lines of politics, leadership, economic activities and lifestyle. Secondly, the two movements had a sense of rebellion. They were formed to oppose the normal way of life that they were not contented with. Republicanism was against colonization and denial of liberty. They did not like how leadership of the states was decided by selected few and the rest had no say. They were against the idea that individual rights were not put to consideration and that the independence of citizens was limited in so many ways. The Great Awakening was against the Protestant way of life. They were against the various rituals conducted and wanted to enhance Christianity.

Lesson Plan for Language Arts on The Great Gatsby for grade 9th Coursework

Lesson Plan for Language Arts on The Great Gatsby for grade 9th - Coursework Example language structure, language conventions (e.g., spelling and punctuation), media techniques, figurative language, and genre to create, critique, and discuss print and non print texts. Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. They gather, evaluate, and synthesize data from a variety of sources (e.g., print and nonprint texts, artifacts, people) to communicate their discoveries in ways that suit their purpose and audience. The literature selection should be independent per group but each group member should research on an area in the group’s selected topic. Each group should coordinate with each other to come up with an appropriate topic and determine on the areas to be researched by each student. Students are free to use online resources like journals, eBooks and online articles to research on the decided topic. The institution library can also be used as a source of information for student research. Students should also know the symbols used in the text such as the characters embedded in the novel. The time when the novel was set as well as the meaning of the great Gatsby should also be comprehended. Students are supposed to do a thorough research on the chosen topic with different areas of research to come up with a clear and a complete perspective of an issue. Use all appropriate resources to do the research such as the academic journals on the internet or library materials. After performing individual research on the topic, the students should then discuss the subject from a general point of view in which all students compare and contrast their work. All the research outcomes should address an issue in

Family Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Family Law - Case Study Example (Morley 2005 International Law) At this point I would explain to Dorothy that in order to proceed she would be required to show that the marriage is unsalvageable and the both her and George agree that the marriage should be dissolved. This is not to say that if George does not want a divorce, Dorothy will not be able to file for one. What it means is that George could contest it and if that situation arises she will need support to present to the court to prove that there are grounds and conditions for the divorce. I would also advise Dorothy to talk with George and pursue coming to an agreement prior to filing for the divorce. This is because if the divorce is somewhat amicable and the property and assets have been discussed and there will not be a fight over the divorce will go more smoothly both in court and for them personally. The following law pertains to the circumstances being somewhat amicable: 1.7.1 The decree nisi is the court's decision to grant a divorce provided that nothing comes to light which may alter the Judgement. The certificate given as a result of this decision shows the period of time that is to be allowed for this purpose. If nothing comes to light, the decree absolute is issued at the end of the waiting period. The decree nisi is therefore a temporary document only and the decree absolute must always be seen. (Morley 2005 International Law) I would advise Dorothy that due to the length of her marriage the assets of both her and George would in most circumstances be split down the middle. However if they come to an agreement regarding particular property or assets I would strongly advise Dorothy to talk it out with George and when they reach an agreement on how the property and assets should be divided to contact me, her divorce attorney, so that I can prepare the proper legal document indicating the property and asset agreement. I would also advise Dorothy to include anything personal or sentimental even though she may not think it of value. In order to ensure receipt of items of sentimental or other value she must notify me so that I could include it in the formal legal documents. At this time I would also advise Dorothy that it would not be wise for her to assume any agreements made between George and herself would necessarily be kept and that any agreements made, of any kind for property, assets, sentimental items o r anything else needs to be put into the divorce paperwork. After discussing all of this information with Dorothy I would then go over divorce conditions in detail and strongly advise her that the fact that she wants to make a fresh life for herself while she is still young enough to enjoy it is not a good condition. Divorce conditions include: In England & Wales obtaining a divorce requires a written application (called a petition) to the court by either the husband or the wife. Applications for divorce are dealt with by the County Court and spouses have to apply to that court for their divorce. The applicant has to prove that the marriage has broken down irretrievably and has to provide evidence of one of the five facts listed below: No application for divorce can be made until at least one year after the date of the marriage.

Compensation (Human Resources) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Compensation (Human Resources) - Essay Example Incentive plans normally endow with compensation foundation on a formula, on accomplishment of concert objectives, on an unrestricted decision, or an amalgamation of these. An organization internally could be measured adjacent to the individual performance. These plans consist of stock-based strategy, which put forward stock options based on stock performance or finance policy, which suggest cash booty joined to congregate objectives. These plans recompense performance with the time period of 2 to 5 years. The key similarity among the Apple Inc and the Microsoft is in the efficient potential by both the company sales. Good sales incentives are provided to the employees in both the organization and the bonus provided by both the companies are depended on the profitability of the company. The company insists in the working hours for making it a success in the market. The differences in the company are in terms of the payment structure. The basic payment provided by Microsoft are high compared to that of apple inc† Microsoft is reportedly trying to hire away Apples retail employees by bribing them with... wait for it, better wages. People that have spoken to The Loop on condition of anonymity confirm that Microsoft has contacted a number of Apples retail store managers to work in their stores. In addition to "significant raises," the managers have also been offered moving expenses in some cases.† (Microsoft reportedly poaching apple retail staff, 2009). The dissimilarity in the strategies of the companies occurs due to certain reasons. The main idea in the planning of the strategy is based on the efficiency in the company’s operations, productivity and profitability. Various reasons are there in expecting the positive relationship in the organization. The level of the executive employees also plays a vital role in the organization size and the positioning of the strategy. The different contingency approaches

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay Example for Free

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity — commonly termed â€Å"multiculturalism† — emerged in the West as a vehicle for replacing older forms of ethnic and racial hierarchy with new relations of democratic citizenship. Despite substantial evidence that these policies are making progress toward that goal, a chorus of political leaders has declared them a failure and heralded the death of multiculturalism. This popular master narrative is problematic because it mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and misidentifies not only the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered but the options for addressing these problems. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. This report challenges four powerful myths about multiculturalism. First, it disputes the caricature of multiculturalism as the uncritical celebration of diversity at the expense of addressing grave societal problems such as unemployment and social isolation. Instead it offers an account of multiculturalism as the pursuit of new relations of democratic citizenship, inspired and constrained by human-rights ideals. Second, it contests the idea that multiculturalism has been in wholesale retreat, and offers instead evidence that multiculturalism policies (MCPs) have persisted, and have even grown stronger, over the past ten years. Third, it challenges the idea that multiculturalism has failed, and offers instead evidence that MCPs have had positive effects. Fourth, it disputes the idea that the spread of civic integration policies has displaced multiculturalism or rendered it obsolete. The report instead offers evidence that MCPs are fully consistent with certain forms of civic integration policies, and that indeed the combination of multiculturalism with an â€Å"enabling† form of civic integration is both normatively desirable and empirically effective in at least some cases. To help address these issues, this paper draws upon the Multiculturalism Policy Index. This index 1) identifies eight concrete policy areas where liberal-democratic states — faced with a choice — decided to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in relation to immigrant groups and 2) measures the extent to which countries have espoused some or all of these policies over time. While there have been some high-profile cases of retreat from MCPs, such as the Netherlands, the general pattern from 1980 to 2010 has been one of modest strengthening. Ironically, some countries that have been vociferous about multiculturalism’s â€Å"failure† (e. g. , Germany) have not actually practiced an active multicultural strategy. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. However, not all attempts to adopt new models of multicultural citizenship have taken root or succeeded in achieving their intended effects. There are several factors that can either facilitate or impede the successful implementation of multiculturalism: Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 1 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Desecuritization of ethnic relations. Multiculturalism works best if relations between the state and minorities are seen as an issue of social policy, not as an issue of state security. If the state perceives immigrants to be a security threat (such as Arabs and Muslims after 9/11), support for multiculturalism will drop and the space for minorities to even voice multicultural claims will diminish. Human rights. Support for multiculturalism rests on the assumption that there is a shared commitment to human rights across ethnic and religious lines. If states perceive certain groups as unable or unwilling to respect human-rights norms, they are unlikely to accord them multicultural rights or resources. Much of the backlash against multiculturalism is fundamentally driven by anxieties about Muslims, in particular, and their perceived unwillingness to embrace liberal-democratic norms. Border control. Multiculturalism is more controversial when citizens fear they lack control over their borders — for instance when countries are faced with large numbers (or unexpected surges) of unauthorized immigrants or asylum seekers — than when citizens feel the borders are secure. Diversity of immigrant groups. Multiculturalism works best when it is genuinely multicultural — that is, when immigrants come from many source countries rather than coming overwhelmingly from just one (which is more likely to lead to polarized relations with the majority). Economic contributions. Support for multiculturalism depends on the perception that immigrants are holding up their end of the bargain and making a good-faith effort to contribute to society — particularly economically. When these facilitating conditions are present, multiculturalism can be seen as a low-risk option, and indeed seems to have worked well in such cases. Multiculturalism tends to lose support in high-risk situations where immigrants are seen as predominantly illegal, as potential carriers of illiberal practices or movements, or as net burdens on the welfare state. However, one could argue that rejecting immigrant multiculturalism under these circumstances is in fact the higher-risk move. It is precisely when immigrants are perceived as illegitimate, illiberal, and burdensome that multiculturalism may be most needed. I. Introduction Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity have been in a state of flux around the world for the past 40 years. One hears much about the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism. † Indeed, this has become a kind of master narrative, widely invoked by scholars, journalists, and policymakers alike to explain the evolution of contemporary debates about diversity. Although people disagree about what comes after multiculturalism, there is a surprising consensus that we are in a post-multicultural era. This report contends that this master narrative obscures as much as it reveals, and that we need an alternative framework for thinking about the choices we face. Multiculturalism’s successes and failures, as well as its level of public acceptance, have depended on the nature of the issues at stake and the countries involved, and we need to understand these variations if we are to identify a more sustainable model for accommodating diversity. This paper will argue that the master narrative 1) mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, 2) exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and 3) misidentifies the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered and the options for addressing these problems. 2 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Before we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the fall of multiculturalism, we need first to make sure we know what multiculturalism has meant both in theory and in practice, where it has succeeded or failed to meet its objectives, and under what conditions it is likely to thrive in the future. The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism The master narrative of the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism† helpfully captures important features of our current debates. Yet in some respects it is misleading, and may obscure the real challenges and opportunities we face. In its simplest form, the master narrative goes like this:1 Since the mid-1990s we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism. From the 1970s to mid-1990s, there was a clear trend across Western democracies toward the increased recognition and accommodation of diversity through a range of multiculturalism policies (MCPs) and minority rights. These policies were endorsed both at the domestic level in some states and by international organizations, and involved a rejection of earlier ideas of unitary and homogeneous nationhood. Since the mid-1990s, however, we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism, and a reassertion of ideas of nation building, common values and identity, and unitary citizenship — even a call for the â€Å"return of assimilation. † This retreat is partly driven by fears among the majority group that the accommodation of diversity has â€Å"gone too far† and is threatening their way of life. This fear often expresses itself in the rise of nativist and populist right-wing political movements, such as the Danish People’s Party, defending old ideas of â€Å"Denmark for the Danish. † But the retreat also reflects a belief among the center-left that multiculturalism has failed to help the intended beneficiaries — namely, minorities themselves — because it has failed to address the underlying sources of their social, economic, and political exclusion and may have unintentionally contributed to their social isolation. As a result, even the center-left political movements that initially championed multiculturalism, such as the social democratic parties in Europe, have backed 1 For influential academic statements of this â€Å"rise and fall† narrative, claiming that it applies across the Western democracies, see Rogers Brubaker, â€Å"The Return of Assimilation? † Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, no. 4 (2001): 531–48; and Christian Joppke, â€Å"The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the Liberal State: Theory and Policy,† British Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (2004): 237–57. There are also many accounts of the â€Å"decline,† â€Å"retreat,† or â€Å"crisis† of multiculturalism in particular countries. For the Netherlands, see Han Entzinger, â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism in the Netherlands,† in Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States, eds. Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (London: Palgrave, 2003) and Ruud Koopmans, â€Å"Trade-Offs between Equality and Difference: The Crisis of Dutch Multiculturalism in Cross-National Perspective† (Brief, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, December 2006). For Britain, see Randall Hansen, â€Å"Diversity, Integration and the Turn from Multiculturalism in the United Kingdom,† in Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, eds. Keith G. Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2007); Les Back, Michael Keith, Azra Khan, Kalbir Shukra, and John Solomos, â€Å"New Labour’s White Heart: Politics, Multiculturalism and the Return of Assimilation,† Political Quarterly 73, No. 4 (2002): 445–54; Steven Vertovec, â€Å"Towards post-multiculturalism? Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity,† International Social Science Journal 61 (2010): 83–95. For Australia, see Ien Ang and John Stratton, â€Å"Multiculturalism in Crisis: The New Politics of Race and National Identity in Australia,† in On Not Speaking Chinese: Living Between Asia and the West, ed. I. Ang (London: Routledge, 2001). For Canada, see Lloyd Wong, Joseph Garcea, and Anna Kirova, An Analysis of the ‘Anti- and Post-Multiculturalism’ Discourses: The Fragmentation Position (Alberta: Prairie Centre for Excellence in Research on Immigration and Integration, 2005), http://pmc.metropolis. Net/Virtual%20Library/FinalReports/Post-multi%20FINAL%20REPORT%20for%20PCERII%20_2_. pdf. For a good overview of the backlash discourse in various countries, see Steven Vertovec and Susan Wessendorf, eds. , The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices (London: Routledge, 2010). Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 3 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE away from it and shifted to a discourse that emphasizes â€Å"civic integration,† â€Å"social cohesion,† â€Å"common values,† and â€Å"shared citizenship. †2 The social-democratic discourse of civic integration differs from the radical-right discourse in emphasizing the need to develop a more inclusive national identity and to fight racism and discrimination, but it nonetheless distances itself from the rhetoric and policies of multiculturalism. The term postmulticulturalism has often been invoked to signal this new approach, which seeks to overcome the limits of a naive or misguided multiculturalism while avoiding the oppressive reassertion of homogenizing nationalist ideologies. 3 II. What Is Multiculturalism? A. Misleading Model In much of the post-multiculturalist literature, multiculturalism is characterized as a feel-good celebration of ethnocultural diversity, encouraging citizens to acknowledge and embrace the panoply of customs, traditions, music, and cuisine that exist in a multiethnic society. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown calls this the â€Å"3S† model of multiculturalism in Britain — saris, samosas, and steeldrums. 4. Multiculturalism takes these familiar cultural markers of ethnic groups — clothing, cuisine, and music — and treats them as authentic practices to be preserved by their members and safely consumed by others. Under the banner of multiculturalism they are taught in school, performed in festivals, displayed in media and museums, and so on. This celebratory model of multiculturalism has been the focus of many critiques, including the following: It ignores issues of economic and political inequality. Even if all Britons come to enjoy Jamaican steeldrum music or Indian samosas, this would do nothing to address the real problems facing Caribbean and South Asian communities in Britain — problems of unemployment, poor educational outcomes, residential segregation, poor English language skills, and political marginalization. These economic and political issues cannot be solved simply by celebrating cultural differences. Even with respect to the (legitimate) goal of promoting greater understanding of cultural differences, the focus on celebrating â€Å"authentic† cultural practices that are â€Å"unique† to each group is potentially dangerous. First, not all customs that may be traditionally practiced within a particular group are worthy of being celebrated, or even of being legally tolerated, such as forced marriage. To avoid stirring up controversy, there’s a tendency to choose as the focus of multicultural celebrations safely inoffensive practices — such as cuisine or music — that can be enjoyably consumed by members of the larger society. But this runs the opposite risk 2. For an overview of the attitudes of European social democratic parties to these issues, see Rene Cuperus, Karl Duffek, and Johannes Kandel, eds. , The Challenge of Diversity: European Social Democracy Facing Migration, Integration and Multiculturalism (Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2003). For references to â€Å"post-multiculturalism† by progressive intellectuals, who distinguish it from the radical right’s â€Å"antimulticulturalism,† see, regarding the United Kingdom, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2000), and â€Å"Beyond Multiculturalism,† Canadian Diversity/Diversite Canadienne 3, no. 2 (2004): 51–4; regarding Australia, James Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); and regarding the United States, Desmond King, The Liberty of Strangers: Making the American Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), and David A. Hollinger, Post-ethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism, revised edition (New York: Basic Books, 2006). Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism. 3 4 4 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE of the trivialization or Disneyfication of cultural differences,5 ignoring the real challenges that differences in cultural and religious values can raise. Third, the 3S model of multiculturalism can encourage a conception of groups as hermetically sealed and static, each reproducing its own distinct practices. Multiculturalism may be intended to encourage people to share their customs, but the assumption that each group has its own distinctive customs ignores processes of cultural adaptation, mixing, and melange, as well as emerging cultural commonalities, thereby potentially reinforcing perceptions of minorities as eternally â€Å"other. † This in turn can lead to the strengthening of prejudice and stereotyping, and more generally to the polarization of ethnic relations. Fourth, this model can end up reinforcing power inequalities and cultural restrictions within minority groups. In deciding which traditions are â€Å"authentic,† and how to interpret and display them, the state generally consults the traditional elites within the group — typically older males — while ignoring the way these traditional practices (and traditional elites) are often challenged by internal reformers, who have different views about how, say, a â€Å"good Muslim† should act. It can therefore imprison people in â€Å"cultural scripts† that they are not allowed to question or dispute. According to post-multiculturalists, the growing recognition of these flaws underlies the retreat from multiculturalism and signals the search for new models of citizenship that emphasize 1) political participation and economic opportunities over the symbolic politics of cultural recognition, 2) human rights and individual freedom over respect for cultural traditions, 3) the building of inclusive national identities over the recognition of ancestral cultural identities, and 4) cultural change and cultural mixing over the reification of static cultural differences. This narrative about the rise and fall of 3S multiculturalism will no doubt be familiar to many readers. In my view, however, it is inaccurate. Not only is it a caricature of the reality of multiculturalism as it has developed over the past 40 years in the Western democracies, but it is a distraction from the real issues that we need to face. The 3S model captures something important about natural human tendencies to simplify ethnic differences, and about the logic of global capitalism to sell cosmopolitan cultural products, but it does not capture the nature of post-1960s government MCPs, which have had more complex historical sources and political goals. B. Multiculturalism in Context It is important to put multiculturalism in its historical context. In one sense, it is as old as humanity — different cultures have always found ways of coexisting, and respect for diversity was a familiar feature of many historic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire. But the sort of multiculturalism that is said to have had a â€Å"rise and fall† is a more specific historic phenomenon, emerging first in the Western democracies in the late 1960s. This timing is important, for it helps us situate multiculturalism in relation to larger social transformations of the postwar era. More specifically, multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Prior to World War II, ethnocultural and religious diversity in the West was characterized by a range of illiberal and undemocratic relationships of hierarchy,6 justified by racialist ideologies that explicitly propounded the superiority of some peoples and cultures and their right to rule over others. These ideologies were widely accepted throughout the Western world and underpinned both domestic laws (e. g. , racially biased immigration and citizenship policies) and foreign policies (e. g. , in relation to overseas colonies). 5 6 Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada. (Toronto: Penguin, 1994). Including relations of conqueror and conquered, colonizer and colonized, master and slave, settler and indigenous, racialized and unmarked, normalized and deviant, orthodox and heretic, civilized and primitive, and ally and enemy. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 5 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE After World War II, however, the world recoiled against Hitler’s fanatical and murderous use of such ideologies, and the United Nations decisively repudiated them in favor of a new ideology of the equality of races and peoples. And this new assumption of human equality generated a series of political movements designed to contest the lingering presence or enduring effects of older hierarchies. We can distinguish three â€Å"waves† of such movements: 1) the struggle for decolonization, concentrated in the period 1948–65; 2) the struggle against racial segregation and discrimination, initiated and exemplified by the AfricanAmerican civil-rights movement from 1955 to 1965; and 3) the struggle for multiculturalism and minority rights, which emerged in the late 1960s. Multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Each of these movements draws upon the human-rights revolution, and its foundational ideology of the equality of races and peoples, to challenge the legacies of earlier ethnic and racial hierarchies. Indeed, the human-rights revolution plays a double role here, not just as the inspiration for a struggle, but also as a constraint on the permissible goals and means of that struggle. Insofar as historically excluded or stigmatized groups struggle against earlier hierarchies in the name of equality, they too have to renounce their own traditions of exclusion or oppression in the treatment of, say, women, gays, people of mixed race, religious dissenters, and so on. Human rights, and liberal-democratic constitutionalism more generally, provide the overarching framework within which these struggles are debated and addressed. Each of these movements, therefore, can be seen as contributing to a process of democratic â€Å"citizenization† — that is, turning the earlier catalog of hierarchical relations into relationships of liberaldemocratic citizenship. This entails transforming both the vertical relationships between minorities and the state and the horizontal relationships among the members of different groups. In the past, it was often assumed that the only way to engage in this process of citizenization was to impose a single undifferentiated model of citizenship on all individuals. But the ideas and policies of multiculturalism that emerged from the 1960s start from the assumption that this complex history inevitably and appropriately generates group-differentiated ethnopolitical claims. The key to citizenization is not to suppress these differential claims but to filter them through and frame them within the language of human rights, civil liberties, and democratic accountability. And this is what multiculturalist movements have aimed to do. The precise character of the resulting multicultural reforms varies from group to group, as befits the distinctive history that each has faced. They all start from the antidiscrimination principle that underpinned the second wave but go beyond it to challenge other forms of exclusion or stigmatization. In most Western countries, explicit state-sponsored discrimination against ethnic, racial, or religious minorities had largely ceased by the 1960s and 1970s, under the influence of the second wave of humanrights struggles. Yet ethnic and racial hierarchies persist in many societies, whether measured in terms of economic inequalities, political underrepresentation, social stigmatization, or cultural invisibility. Various forms of multiculturalism have been developed to help overcome these lingering inequalities. The focus in this report is on multiculturalism as it pertains to (permanently settled) immigrant groups,7 7 There was briefly in some European countries a form of â€Å"multiculturalism† that was not aimed at the inclusion of permanent immigrants, but rather at ensuring that temporary migrants would return to their country of origin. For example, mothertongue education in Germany was not initially introduced â€Å"as a minority right but in order to enable guest worker children to reintegrate in their countries of origin† (Karen Schonwalder, â€Å"Germany: Integration Policy and Pluralism in a Self-Conscious Country of Immigration,† in The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices, eds. Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf [London: Routledge, 2010], 160). Needless to say, this sort of â€Å"returnist† multiculturalism — premised on the idea that migrants are foreigners who should return to their real home — has nothing to do with multiculturalism policies (MCPs) premised on the idea that immigrants belong in their host countries, and which aim to make immigrants 6 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE but it is worth noting that struggles for multicultural citizenship have also emerged in relation to historic minorities and indigenous peoples. 8 C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies. The case of immigrant multiculturalism is just one aspect of a larger â€Å"ethnic revival† across the Western democracies,9 in which different types of minorities have struggled for new forms of multicultural citizenship that combine both antidiscrimination measures and positive forms of recognition and accommodation. Multicultural citizenship for immigrant groups clearly does not involve the same types of claims as for indigenous peoples or national minorities: immigrant groups do not typically seek land rights, territorial autonomy, or official language status. What then is the substance of multicultural citizenship in relation to immigrant groups? The Multiculturalism Policy Index is one attempt to measure the evolution of MCPs in a standardized format that enables comparative research. 10 The index takes the following eight policies as the most common or emblematic forms of immigrant MCPs:11 Constitutional, legislative, or parliamentary affirmation of multiculturalism, at the central and/ or regional and municipal levels The adoption of multiculturalism in school curricula The inclusion of ethnic representation/sensitivity in the mandate of public media or media licensing Exemptions from dress codes, either by statute or by court cases Allowing of dual citizenship The funding of ethnic group organizations to support cultural activities The funding of bilingual education or mother-tongue instruction Affirmative action for disadvantaged immigrant groups12 feel more at home where they are. The focus of this paper is on the latter type of multiculturalism, which is centrally concerned with constructing new relations of citizenship. 8 In relation to indigenous peoples, for example — such as the Maori in New Zealand, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Australia, American Indians, the Sami in Scandinavia, and the Inuit of Greenland — new models of multicultural citizenship have emerged since the late 1960s that include policies such as land rights, self-government rights, recognition of customary laws, and guarantees of political consultation. And in relation to substate national groups — such as the Basques and Catalans in Spain, Flemish and Walloons in Belgium, Scots and Welsh in Britain, Quebecois in Canada, Germans in South Tyrol, Swedish in Finland — we see new models of multicultural citizenship that include policies such as federal or quasi-federal territorial autonomy; official language status, either in the region or nationally; and guarantees of representation in the central government or on constitutional courts. 9. Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 10 Keith Banting and I developed this index, first published in Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, eds. , Multiculturalism and the Welfare State: Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). Many of the ideas discussed in this paper are the result of our collaboration. 11 As with all cross-national indices, there is a trade-off between standardization and sensitivity to local nuances. There is no universally accepted definition of multiculturalism policies and no hard and fast line that would sharply distinguish MCPs from closely related policy fields, such as antidiscrimination policies, citizenship policies, and integration policies. Different countries (or indeed different actors within a single country) are likely to draw this line in different places, and any list is therefore likely to be controversial. 12 For a fuller description of these policies, and the justification for including them in the Multiculturalism Policy Index, see the index website, www.queensu. ca/mcp. The site also includes our separate index of MCPs for indigenous peoples and for national minorities. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 7 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Other policies could be added (or subtracted) from the index, but there was a recognizable â€Å"multiculturalist turn† across Western democracies in the last few decades of the 20th century, and we can identify a range of public policies that are seen, by both critics and defenders, as emblematic of this turn. Each of the eight policy indicators listed above is intended to capture a policy dimension where liberaldemocratic states faced a choice about whether or not to take a multicultural turn and to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in relation to immigrant groups. While multiculturalism for immigrant groups clearly differs in substance from that for indigenous peoples or national minorities, each policy has been defended as a means to overcome the legacies of earlier hierarchies and to help build fairer and more inclusive democratic societies. Therefore, multiculturalism is first and foremost about developing new models of democratic citizenship, grounded in human-rights ideals, to replace earlier uncivil and undemocratic relations of hierarchy and exclusion. Needless to say, this account of multiculturalism-as-citizenization differs dramatically from the 3S account of multiculturalism as the celebration of static cultural differences. Whereas the 3S account says that multiculturalism is about displaying and consuming differences in cuisine, clothing, and music, while neglecting issues of political and economic inequality, the citizenization account says that multiculturalism is precisely about constructing new civic and political relations to overcome the deeply entrenched inequalities that have persisted after the abolition of formal discrimination. It is important to determine which of these accounts more accurately describes the Western experience with multiculturalism. Before we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the fall of multiculturalism, we first need to make sure we know what multiculturalism has in fact been. The 3S account is misleading for three principal reasons. 13 Multiculturalism is first and foremost about developing new models of democratic citizenship, grounded in human-rights ideals. First, the claim that multiculturalism is solely or primarily about symbolic cultural politics depends on a misreading of the actual policies. Whether we look at indigenous peoples, national minorities, or immigrant groups, it is immediately apparent that MCPs combine economic, political, social, and cultural dimensions. While minorities are (rightly) concerned to contest the historic stigmatization of their cultures, immigrant multiculturalism also includes policies that are concerned with access to political power and economic opportunities — for example, policies of affirmative action, mechanisms of political consultation, funding for ethnic self-organization, and facilitated access to citizenship. In relation all three types of groups, MCPs combine cultural recognition, economic redistribution, and political participation. Second, the claim that multiculturalism ignores the importance of universal human rights is equally misplaced. On the contrary, as we’ve seen, multiculturalism is itself a human-rights-based movement, inspired and constrained by principles of human rights and liberal-democratic constitutionalism. Its goal is to challenge the traditional ethnic and racial hierarchies that have been discredited by the postwar human-rights revolution. Understood in this way, multiculturalism-as-citizenization offers no support for accommodating the illiberal cultural practices within minority groups that have also The same human-righ.